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If , then
Derivatives of :
Integrals of :
Initial and Final-Value Theorems
By utilizing and taking the limits and , one can prove that:
and
If is periodic with period on and piecewise continuous on one period, then:
, then 
Derivatives of 
:
:
and taking the limits 
and 
, one can prove that:
on 
and piecewise continuous on one period, then:
