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Electronic circuits and components can be divided into two groups: analog and digital. For examples, digital integrated circuits (ICs) consist mostly of transistors. Analog circuits commonly contain resistors and capacitors as well. Inductors are used in some high frequency analog circuits, but tend to occupy large chip area if used at low frequencies; gyrators can replace them in many applications. As the size of circuits becomes smaller and smaller, engineers encounters some challenges including heat dissipation and thermal management and noise issues.