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Vacuum devices can be broadly categorized according to three techniques:

• Positive displacement pumps use a mechanism to repeatedly expand a cavity, allow gases to flow in from the chamber, seal off the cavity, and exhaust it to the atmosphere.
• Momentum transfer pumps, also called molecular pumps, use high speed jets of dense fluid or high speed rotating blades to knock gas molecules out of the chamber.
• Entrapment pumps capture gases in a solid or adsorbed state. This includes cryopumps, getters, and ion pumps.
• Others such as Venturi vacuum pumps and Steam ejectors