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The essential ingredients of forced convection heat transfer analysis are given by Newton's Law of Cooling,
The rate of heat transfered to the surrounding fluid is proportional to the object's exposed area A, and the difference between the object temperature Tw and the fluid free-stream temperature .

The constant of proportionality h is termed the convection heat-transfer coefficient. Other terms describing h include film coefficient and film conductance.

Definition of Symbols
Independent Parameters for the Fluid
Quantity Symbol Units
  free-stream temperature   K
  free-stream velocity   m/s
  kinematic viscosity   n m2/s
  dynamic viscosity   m kg/m-s
  density   r kg/m3
  thermal diffusivity   a m2/s
  specific heat   cp J/kg-K
  thermal conductivity   k W/m-K

Independent Parameters for the Object
Quantity Symbol Units
  surface reference length   L m
  surface diameter (for pipes)   D m
  surface (wall) temperature   Tw K

Dependent Parameters
Quantity Symbol Units
  surface to fluid temp. difference   K
  heat transfer coefficient   h W/m2-K
Glossary
STEM Career Outlook

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Metal 3D Printing Design Guide

Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) 3D printing for parts with reduced cost and little waste.

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